test: add dubbo integration-test

2026-09-21 22:50:42 +08:00 · 2026-06-28 21:22:31 +08:00
parent fab736e175
commit a267048ed3
33 changed files with 1780 additions and 5 deletions
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ on:
      - './github/workflows/memshell-integration-test.yml'
      - '**/memshell/**'
      - '**/packer/**'
+      - '**/dubbo/**'

 concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}-${{ github.event_name }}
@@ -54,6 +55,8 @@ jobs:
            depend_tasks: ""
          - middleware: "geronimo"
            depend_tasks: ":vul:vul-webapp:war"
+          - middleware: "dubbo"
+            depend_tasks: ":vul:vul-dubbo:dubboProviderFatJars :tools:command:dubboClientClasspath"
    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
    name: ${{ matrix.cases.middleware }}
    steps:
@@ -73,10 +76,15 @@ jobs:
        run: ./gradlew ${{ matrix.cases.depend_tasks }}

      - name: Integration Test with gradle
+        if: matrix.cases.middleware != 'dubbo'
        run: ./gradlew :integration-test:test --tests '*.memshell.${{ matrix.cases.middleware }}.*' --info

+      - name: Dubbo Integration Test with gradle
+        if: matrix.cases.middleware == 'dubbo'
+        run: ./gradlew :integration-test:dubboContainerTest --info
+
      - name: Export Integration Test Summary
        uses: mikepenz/action-junit-report@v5
        if: success() || failure()
        with:
-          report_paths: '**/build/test-results/test/TEST-*.xml'
+          report_paths: '**/build/test-results/*/TEST-*.xml'
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ plugins {
 group = "io.github.reajason"
 version = rootProject.version

+evaluationDependsOn(":vul:vul-dubbo")
+evaluationDependsOn(":tools:command")
+
 idea {
    module {
        excludeDirs.add(file("src/main"))
@@ -36,8 +39,41 @@ dependencies {
    }
 }

-tasks.test {
-    useJUnitPlatform()
+val dubboProviderProject = project(":vul:vul-dubbo")
+val dubboCommandProject = project(":tools:command")
+
+fun dubboProviderJar(taskName: String): Provider<String> {
+    return dubboProviderProject.tasks.named<Jar>(taskName).flatMap { task ->
+        task.archiveFile.map { it.asFile.absolutePath }
+    }
+}
+
+fun dubboClientClasspath(clientKind: String): Provider<String> {
+    return dubboCommandProject.layout.buildDirectory.file("dubbo-client-classpaths/$clientKind.txt").map {
+        it.asFile.readText()
+    }
+}
+
+fun Test.configureDubboSystemProperties() {
+    dependsOn(":vul:vul-dubbo:dubboProviderFatJars", ":tools:command:dubboClientClasspath")
+    val systemProperties = mapOf(
+        "dubbo.alibaba.client.classpath" to dubboClientClasspath("alibaba"),
+        "dubbo.apache.client.classpath" to dubboClientClasspath("apache"),
+        "dubbo.alibaba.provider.jar" to dubboProviderJar("dubboAlibabaProviderFatJar"),
+        "dubbo.apache276.provider.jar" to dubboProviderJar("dubboApache276ProviderFatJar"),
+        "dubbo.apache277.provider.jar" to dubboProviderJar("dubboApache277ProviderFatJar"),
+        "dubbo.apache278.provider.jar" to dubboProviderJar("dubboApache278ProviderFatJar"),
+        "dubbo.apache2723.provider.jar" to dubboProviderJar("dubboApache2723ProviderFatJar"),
+        "dubbo.apache336.provider.jar" to dubboProviderJar("dubboApache336ProviderFatJar")
+    )
+    doFirst {
+        systemProperties.forEach { (key, value) ->
+            systemProperty(key, value.get())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fun Test.configureIntegrationJvm() {
    jvmArgs(
        "--add-opens=java.base/java.util=ALL-UNNAMED",
        "--add-opens=java.xml/com.sun.org.apache.xalan.internal.xsltc.trax=ALL-UNNAMED",
@@ -47,3 +83,23 @@ tasks.test {
        events("passed", "skipped", "failed")
    }
 }
+
+tasks.test {
+    useJUnitPlatform {
+        excludeTags("dubbo-container")
+    }
+    configureIntegrationJvm()
+}
+
+tasks.register<Test>("dubboContainerTest") {
+    group = "verification"
+    description = "Runs DubboService provider/client integration tests."
+    testClassesDirs = sourceSets.test.get().output.classesDirs
+    classpath = sourceSets.test.get().runtimeClasspath
+    useJUnitPlatform {
+        includeTags("dubbo-container")
+    }
+    dependsOn("testClasses")
+    configureDubboSystemProperties()
+    configureIntegrationJvm()
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+package com.reajason.javaweb.integration.memshell.dubbo;
+
+import net.bytebuddy.jar.asm.Opcodes;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Tag;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.testcontainers.containers.GenericContainer;
+import org.testcontainers.junit.jupiter.Container;
+import org.testcontainers.junit.jupiter.Testcontainers;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+@Testcontainers
+@Tag("dubbo-container")
+class AlibabaDubbo2612ContainerTest {
+
+    private static final DubboProviderScenario SCENARIO = new DubboProviderScenario(
+            "alibaba-dubbo-2.6.12",
+            "alibaba",
+            "dubbo.alibaba.provider.jar",
+            "eclipse-temurin:8-jre",
+            20880,
+            Opcodes.V1_8,
+            List.of(
+                    new DubboProtocolTarget("dubbo", 20880),
+                    new DubboProtocolTarget("hessian", 28080)
+            )
+    );
+
+    @Container
+    static final GenericContainer<?> container = DubboContainerFactory.buildProvider(SCENARIO);
+
+    @Test
+    void testDubboServiceRegistration() {
+        DubboServiceAssertion.assertCommandService(container, SCENARIO);
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+package com.reajason.javaweb.integration.memshell.dubbo;
+
+import net.bytebuddy.jar.asm.Opcodes;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Tag;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.Arguments;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.MethodSource;
+import org.testcontainers.containers.GenericContainer;
+import org.testcontainers.junit.jupiter.Container;
+import org.testcontainers.junit.jupiter.Testcontainers;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+
+@Testcontainers
+@Tag("dubbo-container")
+class ApacheDubbo27xContainerTest {
+
+    private static final String IMAGE = "eclipse-temurin:17-jdk";
+
+    private static final DubboProviderScenario APACHE_276 = apacheScenario(
+            "apache-dubbo-2.7.6",
+            "dubbo.apache276.provider.jar",
+            20885,
+            28086
+    );
+    private static final DubboProviderScenario APACHE_277 = apacheScenario(
+            "apache-dubbo-2.7.7",
+            "dubbo.apache277.provider.jar",
+            20886,
+            28088
+    );
+    private static final DubboProviderScenario APACHE_278 = apacheScenario(
+            "apache-dubbo-2.7.8",
+            "dubbo.apache278.provider.jar",
+            20887,
+            28090
+    );
+    private static final DubboProviderScenario APACHE_2723 = apacheScenario(
+            "apache-dubbo-2.7.23",
+            "dubbo.apache2723.provider.jar",
+            20881,
+            28082
+    );
+
+    @Container
+    static final GenericContainer<?> apache276 = DubboContainerFactory.buildProvider(APACHE_276);
+    @Container
+    static final GenericContainer<?> apache277 = DubboContainerFactory.buildProvider(APACHE_277);
+    @Container
+    static final GenericContainer<?> apache278 = DubboContainerFactory.buildProvider(APACHE_278);
+    @Container
+    static final GenericContainer<?> apache2723 = DubboContainerFactory.buildProvider(APACHE_2723);
+
+    static Stream<Arguments> scenarios() {
+        return Stream.of(
+                Arguments.of(apache276, APACHE_276),
+                Arguments.of(apache277, APACHE_277),
+                Arguments.of(apache278, APACHE_278),
+                Arguments.of(apache2723, APACHE_2723)
+        );
+    }
+
+    @ParameterizedTest(name = "{1}")
+    @MethodSource("scenarios")
+    void testDubboServiceRegistration(GenericContainer<?> container, DubboProviderScenario scenario) {
+        DubboServiceAssertion.assertCommandService(container, scenario);
+    }
+
+    private static DubboProviderScenario apacheScenario(String name, String providerJarProperty, int dubboPort, int hessianPort) {
+        return new DubboProviderScenario(
+                name,
+                "apache",
+                providerJarProperty,
+                IMAGE,
+                dubboPort,
+                Opcodes.V1_8,
+                List.of(
+                        new DubboProtocolTarget("dubbo", dubboPort),
+                        new DubboProtocolTarget("hessian", hessianPort)
+                )
+        );
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package com.reajason.javaweb.integration.memshell.dubbo;
+
+import net.bytebuddy.jar.asm.Opcodes;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Tag;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.testcontainers.containers.GenericContainer;
+import org.testcontainers.junit.jupiter.Container;
+import org.testcontainers.junit.jupiter.Testcontainers;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+@Testcontainers
+@Tag("dubbo-container")
+class ApacheDubbo336ContainerTest {
+
+    private static final DubboProviderScenario SCENARIO = new DubboProviderScenario(
+            "apache-dubbo-3.3.6",
+            "apache",
+            "dubbo.apache336.provider.jar",
+            "eclipse-temurin:17-jdk",
+            20882,
+            Opcodes.V1_8,
+            List.of(
+                    new DubboProtocolTarget("dubbo", 20882),
+                    new DubboProtocolTarget("hessian", 28084),
+                    new DubboProtocolTarget("tri", 50051)
+            )
+    );
+
+    @Container
+    static final GenericContainer<?> container = DubboContainerFactory.buildProvider(SCENARIO);
+
+    @Test
+    void testDubboServiceRegistration() {
+        DubboServiceAssertion.assertCommandService(container, SCENARIO);
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+package com.reajason.javaweb.integration.memshell.dubbo;
+
+import lombok.SneakyThrows;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+final class DubboClientRunner {
+
+    private DubboClientRunner() {
+    }
+
+    static String loadBytes(String clientKind, String url, String base64) {
+        return run(clientKind, "load-bytes", url, base64);
+    }
+
+    static String runCommand(String clientKind, String url, String interfaceName, String command) {
+        return run(clientKind, "run-command", url, interfaceName, command);
+    }
+
+    @SneakyThrows
+    private static String run(String clientKind, String... args) {
+        List<String> command = new ArrayList<String>();
+        String javaExecutable = javaExecutable(clientKind);
+        command.add(javaExecutable);
+        if (supportsAddOpens(javaExecutable)) {
+            command.add("--add-opens=java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED");
+            command.add("--add-opens=java.base/java.math=ALL-UNNAMED");
+        }
+        command.add("-cp");
+        command.add(clientClasspath(clientKind));
+        command.add(mainClass(clientKind));
+        for (String arg : args) {
+            command.add(arg);
+        }
+
+        Process process = new ProcessBuilder(command)
+                .redirectErrorStream(true)
+                .start();
+        ByteArrayOutputStream output = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        copy(process.getInputStream(), output);
+        int exitCode = process.waitFor();
+        String rendered = output.toString(StandardCharsets.UTF_8).trim();
+        if (exitCode != 0) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Dubbo client failed with exit code " + exitCode + "\n" + rendered);
+        }
+        return rendered;
+    }
+
+    private static String clientClasspath(String clientKind) {
+        String property = System.getProperty("dubbo." + clientKind + ".client.classpath");
+        if (isBlank(property)) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("missing dubbo." + clientKind + ".client.classpath system property");
+        }
+        return property;
+    }
+
+    private static String mainClass(String clientKind) {
+        if ("alibaba".equals(clientKind)) {
+            return "io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.client.alibaba.AlibabaDubboClient";
+        }
+        if ("apache".equals(clientKind)) {
+            return "io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.client.apache.ApacheDubboClient";
+        }
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("unsupported client kind: " + clientKind);
+    }
+
+    private static String javaExecutable(String clientKind) {
+        if (!"alibaba".equals(clientKind)) {
+            return "java";
+        }
+        String java8Home = System.getenv("JAVA8_HOME");
+        if (isBlank(java8Home)) {
+            java8Home = System.getProperty("java8.home");
+        }
+        if (isBlank(java8Home)) {
+            return "java";
+        }
+        return java8Home + "/bin/java";
+    }
+
+    private static boolean supportsAddOpens(String javaExecutable) throws java.io.IOException, InterruptedException {
+        Process process = new ProcessBuilder(javaExecutable, "-version")
+                .redirectErrorStream(true)
+                .start();
+        ByteArrayOutputStream output = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        copy(process.getInputStream(), output);
+        int exitCode = process.waitFor();
+        if (exitCode != 0) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return majorVersion(output.toString(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) >= 9;
+    }
+
+    private static int majorVersion(String versionOutput) {
+        Matcher matcher = Pattern.compile("version \"([^\"]+)\"").matcher(versionOutput);
+        if (!matcher.find()) {
+            return 9;
+        }
+        String version = matcher.group(1);
+        if (version.startsWith("1.")) {
+            int dot = version.indexOf('.', 2);
+            return leadingInteger(dot < 0 ? version.substring(2) : version.substring(2, dot));
+        }
+        int dot = version.indexOf('.');
+        return leadingInteger(dot < 0 ? version : version.substring(0, dot));
+    }
+
+    private static int leadingInteger(String value) {
+        Matcher matcher = Pattern.compile("^(\\d+)").matcher(value);
+        return matcher.find() ? Integer.parseInt(matcher.group(1)) : 9;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isBlank(String value) {
+        return value == null || value.trim().isEmpty();
+    }
+
+    private static void copy(InputStream inputStream, ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream) throws java.io.IOException {
+        byte[] buffer = new byte[4096];
+        int read;
+        while ((read = inputStream.read(buffer)) >= 0) {
+            outputStream.write(buffer, 0, read);
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+package com.reajason.javaweb.integration.memshell.dubbo;
+
+import org.testcontainers.containers.GenericContainer;
+import org.testcontainers.containers.wait.strategy.Wait;
+import org.testcontainers.utility.MountableFile;
+
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.time.Duration;
+
+final class DubboContainerFactory {
+
+    private DubboContainerFactory() {
+    }
+
+    static GenericContainer<?> buildProvider(DubboProviderScenario scenario) {
+        String jarPath = providerJarPath(scenario.providerJarProperty());
+        GenericContainer<?> container = new GenericContainer<>(scenario.imageName())
+                .withCopyFileToContainer(MountableFile.forHostPath(jarPath), "/app/app.jar")
+                .withWorkingDirectory("/app")
+                .withExposedPorts(exposedPorts(scenario))
+                .waitingFor(Wait.forLogMessage(".*Provider started.*", 1)
+                        .withStartupTimeout(Duration.ofMinutes(3)));
+
+        if ("alibaba".equals(scenario.clientKind())) {
+            container.withCommand("java", "-jar", "/app/app.jar");
+        } else {
+            container.withCommand(
+                    "java",
+                    "--add-opens", "java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED",
+                    "--add-opens", "java.base/java.math=ALL-UNNAMED",
+                    "-jar", "/app/app.jar"
+            );
+        }
+        return container;
+    }
+
+    private static Integer[] exposedPorts(DubboProviderScenario scenario) {
+        return scenario.commandTargets().stream()
+                .map(DubboProtocolTarget::port)
+                .distinct()
+                .toArray(Integer[]::new);
+    }
+
+    private static String providerJarPath(String propertyName) {
+        String value = System.getProperty(propertyName);
+        if (value == null || value.trim().isEmpty()) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("missing " + propertyName + " system property");
+        }
+        Path path = Path.of(value);
+        if (!Files.isRegularFile(path)) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("provider jar does not exist: " + path);
+        }
+        return path.toAbsolutePath().toString();
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package com.reajason.javaweb.integration.memshell.dubbo;
+
+final class DubboProtocolTarget {
+    private final String protocol;
+    private final int port;
+
+    DubboProtocolTarget(String protocol, int port) {
+        this.protocol = protocol;
+        this.port = port;
+    }
+
+    String protocol() {
+        return protocol;
+    }
+
+    int port() {
+        return port;
+    }
+
+    String url(String host, String interfaceName) {
+        return protocol + "://" + host + ":" + port + "/" + interfaceName;
+    }
+
+    String url(String host, int mappedPort, String interfaceName) {
+        return protocol + "://" + host + ":" + mappedPort + "/" + interfaceName;
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+package com.reajason.javaweb.integration.memshell.dubbo;
+
+import com.reajason.javaweb.memshell.ShellType;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+final class DubboProviderScenario {
+    private final String name;
+    private final String clientKind;
+    private final String providerJarProperty;
+    private final String imageName;
+    private final int loaderPort;
+    private final int targetJdkVersion;
+    private final List<DubboProtocolTarget> commandTargets;
+
+    DubboProviderScenario(String name, String clientKind, String providerJarProperty, String imageName,
+                          int loaderPort, int targetJdkVersion, List<DubboProtocolTarget> commandTargets) {
+        this.name = name;
+        this.clientKind = clientKind;
+        this.providerJarProperty = providerJarProperty;
+        this.imageName = imageName;
+        this.loaderPort = loaderPort;
+        this.targetJdkVersion = targetJdkVersion;
+        this.commandTargets = commandTargets;
+    }
+
+    String name() {
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    String clientKind() {
+        return clientKind;
+    }
+
+    String providerJarProperty() {
+        return providerJarProperty;
+    }
+
+    String imageName() {
+        return imageName;
+    }
+
+    int loaderPort() {
+        return loaderPort;
+    }
+
+    int targetJdkVersion() {
+        return targetJdkVersion;
+    }
+
+    List<DubboProtocolTarget> commandTargets() {
+        return commandTargets;
+    }
+
+    String shellType() {
+        if ("alibaba".equals(clientKind)) {
+            return ShellType.ALIBABA_DUBBO_SERVICE;
+        }
+        return ShellType.APACHE_DUBBO_SERVICE;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return name;
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+package com.reajason.javaweb.integration.memshell.dubbo;
+
+import com.reajason.javaweb.Server;
+import com.reajason.javaweb.integration.ShellAssertion;
+import com.reajason.javaweb.memshell.MemShellResult;
+import com.reajason.javaweb.memshell.ShellTool;
+import com.reajason.javaweb.memshell.config.CommandConfig;
+import com.reajason.javaweb.memshell.config.ShellToolConfig;
+import com.reajason.javaweb.packer.Packers;
+import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
+import org.testcontainers.containers.GenericContainer;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.anyOf;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.containsString;
+
+@Slf4j
+final class DubboServiceAssertion {
+
+    private static final String LOADER_INTERFACE = "io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.api.BytecodeLoadingService";
+    private static final String COMMAND = "id";
+
+    private DubboServiceAssertion() {
+    }
+
+    static void assertCommandService(GenericContainer<?> container, DubboProviderScenario scenario) {
+        ShellToolConfig shellToolConfig = ShellAssertion.getShellToolConfig(
+                scenario.shellType(),
+                ShellTool.Command,
+                Packers.Base64
+        );
+        MemShellResult result = ShellAssertion.generate(
+                null,
+                Server.Dubbo,
+                null,
+                scenario.shellType(),
+                ShellTool.Command,
+                scenario.targetJdkVersion(),
+                shellToolConfig,
+                Packers.Base64
+        );
+        String interfaceName = result.getInjectorConfig().getUrlPattern();
+        String host = container.getHost();
+        String loaderUrl = "dubbo://" + host + ":" + container.getMappedPort(scenario.loaderPort()) + "/" + LOADER_INTERFACE;
+
+        log.info("loading {} into {} via {}", interfaceName, scenario.name(), loaderUrl);
+        String loadOutput = DubboClientRunner.loadBytes(scenario.clientKind(), loaderUrl, result.getInjectorBytesBase64Str());
+        log.info("{} load output: {}", scenario.name(), loadOutput);
+
+        List<String> fallbackUrls = scenario.commandTargets().stream()
+                .map(target -> target.url(host, container.getMappedPort(target.port()), interfaceName))
+                .collect(Collectors.toList());
+        List<String> commandUrls = DubboUrlResolver.resolveCommandUrls(loadOutput, interfaceName, fallbackUrls);
+
+        for (String commandUrl : commandUrls) {
+            String output = DubboClientRunner.runCommand(scenario.clientKind(), commandUrl, interfaceName, COMMAND);
+            log.info("{} {} command output: {}", scenario.name(), DubboUrlResolver.protocolOf(commandUrl), output);
+            assertThat(output, anyOf(containsString("uid="), containsString("injected-ok")));
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+package com.reajason.javaweb.integration.memshell.dubbo;
+
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+final class DubboUrlResolver {
+
+    private DubboUrlResolver() {
+    }
+
+    static List<String> resolveCommandUrls(String loadOutput, String interfaceName, List<String> fallbackUrls) {
+        Map<String, String> discoveredByProtocol = new LinkedHashMap<String, String>();
+        Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile("(dubbo|hessian|tri)://[^\\s,]*" + Pattern.quote(interfaceName) + "(?:\\?[^\\s,]*)?");
+        Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(loadOutput);
+        while (matcher.find()) {
+            String candidate = matcher.group();
+            discoveredByProtocol.put(protocolOf(candidate), candidate);
+        }
+        return fallbackUrls.stream()
+                .map(fallback -> {
+                    String discovered = discoveredByProtocol.get(protocolOf(fallback));
+                    return discovered == null ? fallback : rewriteEndpoint(discovered, fallback);
+                })
+                .collect(Collectors.toList());
+    }
+
+    static String protocolOf(String url) {
+        int separator = url.indexOf("://");
+        return separator < 0 ? url : url.substring(0, separator);
+    }
+
+    static String rewriteHost(String url, String host) {
+        try {
+            URI uri = new URI(url);
+            return new URI(
+                    uri.getScheme(),
+                    uri.getUserInfo(),
+                    host,
+                    uri.getPort(),
+                    uri.getPath(),
+                    uri.getQuery(),
+                    uri.getFragment()
+            ).toString();
+        } catch (URISyntaxException e) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("invalid direct url: " + url, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static String rewriteEndpoint(String url, String endpointUrl) {
+        try {
+            URI uri = new URI(url);
+            URI endpoint = new URI(endpointUrl);
+            return new URI(
+                    uri.getScheme(),
+                    uri.getUserInfo(),
+                    endpoint.getHost(),
+                    endpoint.getPort(),
+                    uri.getPath(),
+                    uri.getQuery(),
+                    uri.getFragment()
+            ).toString();
+        } catch (URISyntaxException e) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("invalid direct url: " + url + " or " + endpointUrl, e);
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package com.reajason.javaweb.integration.memshell.dubbo;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.contains;
+
+class DubboUrlResolverTest {
+
+    @Test
+    void discoveredUrlsOverrideFallbackByProtocolAndRewriteHost() {
+        String interfaceName = "org.example.ICommandService";
+        String loadOutput = "ok dubbo://x.x.x.x:20880/" + interfaceName + "?side=provider, "
+                + "hessian://10.1.2.3:28080/" + interfaceName;
+
+        List<String> resolved = DubboUrlResolver.resolveCommandUrls(
+                loadOutput,
+                interfaceName,
+                List.of(
+                        "dubbo://127.0.0.1:1111/" + interfaceName,
+                        "hessian://127.0.0.1:2222/" + interfaceName,
+                        "tri://127.0.0.1:3333/" + interfaceName
+                )
+        );
+
+        assertThat(resolved, contains(
+                "dubbo://127.0.0.1:1111/" + interfaceName + "?side=provider",
+                "hessian://127.0.0.1:2222/" + interfaceName,
+                "tri://127.0.0.1:3333/" + interfaceName
+        ));
+    }
+}
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ dependencyResolutionManagement {
 rootProject.name = "memshell-party"

 include("memshell-party-common")
-include("tools:godzilla", "tools:behinder", "tools:suo5", "tools:ant-sword")
+include("tools:godzilla", "tools:behinder", "tools:suo5", "tools:ant-sword", "tools:command")
 include("packer")
 include("boot")
 include("generator")
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ include("vul:vul-springboot359")
 include("vul:vul-springboot2-webflux")
 include("vul:vul-springboot3-webflux")
 include("vul:vul-playframework")
+include("vul:vul-dubbo")
 include("memshell-agent:memshell-agent-attacher")
 include("memshell-agent:memshell-agent-asm")
 include("memshell-agent:memshell-agent-javassist")
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+plugins {
+    id("java")
+    id("idea")
+}
+
+group = "io.github.reajason"
+version = rootProject.version
+
+val dubboClientCommon: SourceSet by sourceSets.creating
+val dubboClientAlibaba: SourceSet by sourceSets.creating
+val dubboClientApache: SourceSet by sourceSets.creating
+
+val dubboClientCommonImplementation: Configuration by configurations.getting
+val dubboClientAlibabaImplementation: Configuration by configurations.getting
+val dubboClientApacheImplementation: Configuration by configurations.getting
+
+val dubboClientCommonOutput = dubboClientCommon.output
+
+dubboClientAlibaba.compileClasspath += dubboClientCommonOutput
+dubboClientAlibaba.runtimeClasspath += dubboClientCommonOutput
+dubboClientApache.compileClasspath += dubboClientCommonOutput
+dubboClientApache.runtimeClasspath += dubboClientCommonOutput
+
+listOf(
+    "dubboClientApacheCompileClasspath",
+    "dubboClientApacheRuntimeClasspath"
+).forEach { configurationName ->
+    configurations.named(configurationName) {
+        exclude(group = "io.netty", module = "netty-transport-native-kqueue")
+        exclude(group = "io.netty", module = "netty-resolver-dns-native-macos")
+    }
+}
+
+idea {
+    module {
+        excludeDirs.add(file("src/main"))
+    }
+}
+
+dependencies {
+    dubboClientCommonImplementation("org.slf4j:slf4j-api:1.7.36")
+
+    dubboClientAlibabaImplementation(dubboClientCommonOutput)
+    dubboClientAlibabaImplementation("com.alibaba:dubbo:2.6.12")
+    dubboClientAlibabaImplementation("com.alibaba:hessian-lite:3.2.4")
+    dubboClientAlibabaImplementation("com.caucho:hessian:4.0.51")
+    dubboClientAlibabaImplementation("org.apache.httpcomponents:httpclient:4.5.3")
+    dubboClientAlibabaImplementation("org.springframework:spring-web:5.3.39")
+    dubboClientAlibabaImplementation("io.netty:netty-all:4.1.25.Final")
+    dubboClientAlibabaImplementation("org.mortbay.jetty:jetty:6.1.26")
+    dubboClientAlibabaImplementation("org.mortbay.jetty:jetty-util:6.1.26")
+    dubboClientAlibabaImplementation("org.slf4j:slf4j-api:1.7.36")
+    dubboClientAlibabaImplementation("ch.qos.logback:logback-classic:1.2.13")
+
+    dubboClientApacheImplementation(dubboClientCommonOutput)
+    dubboClientApacheImplementation("org.apache.dubbo:dubbo:3.3.6") {
+        exclude(group = "log4j", module = "log4j")
+    }
+    dubboClientApacheImplementation("org.apache.dubbo:dubbo-rpc-triple:3.3.6")
+    dubboClientApacheImplementation("org.apache.dubbo.extensions:dubbo-rpc-http:3.3.1")
+    dubboClientApacheImplementation("org.apache.dubbo.extensions:dubbo-rpc-hessian:3.3.0")
+    dubboClientApacheImplementation("org.apache.dubbo:dubbo-remoting-http:3.3.0-beta.2")
+    dubboClientApacheImplementation("com.caucho:hessian:4.0.51")
+    dubboClientApacheImplementation("io.netty:netty-all:4.1.119.Final")
+    dubboClientApacheImplementation("org.slf4j:slf4j-api:2.0.17")
+    dubboClientApacheImplementation("ch.qos.logback:logback-classic:1.5.18")
+}
+
+tasks.named<JavaCompile>(dubboClientCommon.compileJavaTaskName) {
+    options.release.set(8)
+}
+
+listOf(dubboClientAlibaba, dubboClientApache).forEach { sourceSet ->
+    tasks.named<JavaCompile>(sourceSet.compileJavaTaskName) {
+        options.release.set(8)
+    }
+}
+
+tasks.register("dubboClientClasspath") {
+    group = "verification"
+    dependsOn(dubboClientAlibaba.classesTaskName, dubboClientApache.classesTaskName)
+    doLast {
+        layout.buildDirectory.file("dubbo-client-classpaths/alibaba.txt").get().asFile.apply {
+            parentFile.mkdirs()
+            writeText(dubboClientAlibaba.runtimeClasspath.asPath)
+        }
+        layout.buildDirectory.file("dubbo-client-classpaths/apache.txt").get().asFile.apply {
+            parentFile.mkdirs()
+            writeText(dubboClientApache.runtimeClasspath.asPath)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+tasks.named("classes") {
+    dependsOn(dubboClientCommon.classesTaskName, dubboClientAlibaba.classesTaskName, dubboClientApache.classesTaskName)
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+package io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.client.alibaba;
+
+import com.alibaba.dubbo.common.utils.NetUtils;
+import com.alibaba.dubbo.config.ApplicationConfig;
+import com.alibaba.dubbo.config.ReferenceConfig;
+import com.alibaba.dubbo.config.RegistryConfig;
+import com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.service.GenericService;
+import io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.api.BytecodeLoadingService;
+import io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.client.ClientRuntimeSupport;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+
+public class AlibabaDubboClient {
+
+    private static final String LOOPBACK_HOST = "127.0.0.1";
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        ClientRuntimeSupport.prepareClientJvm();
+        forceLoopbackLocalAddress();
+        if (args.length < 1) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("usage: load-bytes <url> <base64> | run-command <url> <interfaceName> <command>");
+        }
+        if ("load-bytes".equals(args[0])) {
+            if (args.length < 3) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("usage: load-bytes <url> <base64>");
+            }
+            System.out.println(loadBytes(args[1], args[2]));
+            return;
+        }
+        if ("run-command".equals(args[0])) {
+            if (args.length < 4) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("usage: run-command <url> <interfaceName> <command>");
+            }
+            Object result = runCommand(args[1], args[2], args[3]);
+            if (result instanceof byte[]) {
+                System.out.println(new String((byte[]) result, StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+            } else {
+                System.out.println(String.valueOf(result));
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("unsupported action: " + args[0]);
+    }
+
+    public static String loadBytes(String url, String base64) {
+        ClientRuntimeSupport.prepareClientJvm();
+        forceLoopbackLocalAddress();
+        ReferenceConfig<BytecodeLoadingService> reference = new ReferenceConfig<BytecodeLoadingService>();
+        reference.setApplication(new ApplicationConfig("alibaba-dubbo-load-bytes-client"));
+        reference.setRegistry(new RegistryConfig("N/A"));
+        reference.setInterface(BytecodeLoadingService.class);
+        reference.setCheck(false);
+        reference.setTimeout(30000);
+        reference.setRetries(0);
+        reference.setUrl(url);
+
+        BytecodeLoadingService loadingService = reference.get();
+        try {
+            return loadingService.loadBytes(base64);
+        } finally {
+            reference.destroy();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static Object runCommand(String url, String interfaceName, String command) {
+        ClientRuntimeSupport.prepareClientJvm();
+        forceLoopbackLocalAddress();
+        ReferenceConfig<GenericService> reference = new ReferenceConfig<GenericService>();
+        reference.setApplication(new ApplicationConfig("alibaba-dubbo-command-client"));
+        reference.setRegistry(new RegistryConfig("N/A"));
+        reference.setInterface(interfaceName);
+        reference.setGeneric(true);
+        reference.setCheck(false);
+        reference.setTimeout(30000);
+        reference.setRetries(0);
+        reference.setUrl(url);
+
+        GenericService genericService = reference.get();
+        try {
+            return genericService.$invoke(
+                    "handle",
+                    new String[]{byte[].class.getName()},
+                    new Object[]{command.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)}
+            );
+        } finally {
+            reference.destroy();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void forceLoopbackLocalAddress() {
+        try {
+            Field localAddressField = NetUtils.class.getDeclaredField("LOCAL_ADDRESS");
+            localAddressField.setAccessible(true);
+            localAddressField.set(null, InetAddress.getByName(LOOPBACK_HOST));
+        } catch (Exception ignored) {
+            // Best-effort workaround for Dubbo 2.6.x local address selection on macOS.
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+package io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.client.apache;
+
+import io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.api.BytecodeLoadingService;
+import io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.client.ClientRuntimeSupport;
+import org.apache.dubbo.config.ApplicationConfig;
+import org.apache.dubbo.config.ReferenceConfig;
+import org.apache.dubbo.config.RegistryConfig;
+import org.apache.dubbo.rpc.service.GenericService;
+
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+
+public class ApacheDubboClient {
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        ClientRuntimeSupport.prepareClientJvm();
+        if (args.length < 1) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("usage: load-bytes <url> <base64> | run-command <url> <interfaceName> <command>");
+        }
+        if ("load-bytes".equals(args[0])) {
+            if (args.length < 3) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("usage: load-bytes <url> <base64>");
+            }
+            System.out.println(loadBytes(args[1], args[2]));
+            return;
+        }
+        if ("run-command".equals(args[0])) {
+            if (args.length < 4) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("usage: run-command <url> <interfaceName> <command>");
+            }
+            Object result = runCommand(args[1], args[2], args[3]);
+            if (result instanceof byte[]) {
+                System.out.println(new String((byte[]) result, StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+            } else {
+                System.out.println(String.valueOf(result));
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("unsupported action: " + args[0]);
+    }
+
+    public static String loadBytes(String url, String base64) {
+        ClientRuntimeSupport.prepareClientJvm();
+        ReferenceConfig<BytecodeLoadingService> reference = new ReferenceConfig<BytecodeLoadingService>();
+        reference.setApplication(new ApplicationConfig("apache-dubbo-load-bytes-client"));
+        reference.setRegistry(new RegistryConfig("N/A"));
+        reference.setInterface(BytecodeLoadingService.class);
+        reference.setCheck(false);
+        reference.setTimeout(30000);
+        reference.setRetries(0);
+        reference.setUrl(url);
+
+        BytecodeLoadingService loadingService = reference.get();
+        try {
+            return loadingService.loadBytes(base64);
+        } finally {
+            reference.destroy();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static Object runCommand(String url, String interfaceName, String command) {
+        ClientRuntimeSupport.prepareClientJvm();
+        ReferenceConfig<GenericService> reference = new ReferenceConfig<GenericService>();
+        reference.setApplication(new ApplicationConfig("apache-dubbo-command-client"));
+        reference.setRegistry(new RegistryConfig("N/A"));
+        reference.setInterface(interfaceName);
+        reference.setGeneric(true);
+        reference.setCheck(false);
+        reference.setTimeout(30000);
+        reference.setRetries(0);
+        reference.setUrl(url);
+
+        GenericService genericService = reference.get();
+        try {
+            return genericService.$invoke(
+                    "handle",
+                    new String[]{byte[].class.getName()},
+                    new Object[]{command.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)}
+            );
+        } finally {
+            reference.destroy();
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+package io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.api;
+
+public interface BytecodeLoadingService {
+    String loadBytes(String base64);
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.client;
+
+public final class ClientRuntimeSupport {
+
+    private static final String[] PROXY_PROPERTIES = new String[]{
+            "proxyHost",
+            "proxyPort",
+            "http.proxyHost",
+            "http.proxyPort",
+            "https.proxyHost",
+            "https.proxyPort",
+            "socksProxyHost",
+            "socksProxyPort",
+            "ftp.proxyHost",
+            "ftp.proxyPort"
+    };
+
+    private ClientRuntimeSupport() {
+    }
+
+    public static void prepareClientJvm() {
+        System.setProperty("dubbo.compiler", "jdk");
+        System.setProperty("java.net.preferIPv4Stack", "true");
+        System.setProperty("java.net.useSystemProxies", "false");
+        for (String property : PROXY_PROPERTIES) {
+            System.clearProperty(property);
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+plugins {
+    id("java")
+    id("idea")
+}
+
+group = "io.github.reajason"
+version = rootProject.version
+
+val dubboProviderCommon: SourceSet by sourceSets.creating
+val dubboProviderAlibaba: SourceSet by sourceSets.creating
+val dubboProviderApache276: SourceSet by sourceSets.creating
+val dubboProviderApache277: SourceSet by sourceSets.creating
+val dubboProviderApache278: SourceSet by sourceSets.creating
+val dubboProviderApache2723: SourceSet by sourceSets.creating
+val dubboProviderApache336: SourceSet by sourceSets.creating
+
+val dubboProviderCommonImplementation: Configuration by configurations.getting
+val dubboProviderAlibabaImplementation: Configuration by configurations.getting
+val dubboProviderApache276Implementation: Configuration by configurations.getting
+val dubboProviderApache277Implementation: Configuration by configurations.getting
+val dubboProviderApache278Implementation: Configuration by configurations.getting
+val dubboProviderApache2723Implementation: Configuration by configurations.getting
+val dubboProviderApache336Implementation: Configuration by configurations.getting
+
+val dubboProviderCommonOutput = dubboProviderCommon.output
+
+dubboProviderAlibaba.compileClasspath += dubboProviderCommonOutput
+dubboProviderAlibaba.runtimeClasspath += dubboProviderCommonOutput
+dubboProviderApache276.compileClasspath += dubboProviderCommonOutput
+dubboProviderApache276.runtimeClasspath += dubboProviderCommonOutput
+dubboProviderApache277.compileClasspath += dubboProviderCommonOutput
+dubboProviderApache277.runtimeClasspath += dubboProviderCommonOutput
+dubboProviderApache278.compileClasspath += dubboProviderCommonOutput
+dubboProviderApache278.runtimeClasspath += dubboProviderCommonOutput
+dubboProviderApache2723.compileClasspath += dubboProviderCommonOutput
+dubboProviderApache2723.runtimeClasspath += dubboProviderCommonOutput
+dubboProviderApache336.compileClasspath += dubboProviderCommonOutput
+dubboProviderApache336.runtimeClasspath += dubboProviderCommonOutput
+
+listOf(
+    "dubboProviderApache336CompileClasspath",
+    "dubboProviderApache336RuntimeClasspath"
+).forEach { configurationName ->
+    configurations.named(configurationName) {
+        exclude(group = "io.netty", module = "netty-transport-native-kqueue")
+        exclude(group = "io.netty", module = "netty-resolver-dns-native-macos")
+    }
+}
+
+idea {
+    module {
+        excludeDirs.add(file("src/main"))
+    }
+}
+
+dependencies {
+    dubboProviderCommonImplementation("org.slf4j:slf4j-api:1.7.36")
+    dubboProviderCommonImplementation("org.apache.dubbo:dubbo:2.7.23") {
+        exclude(group = "log4j", module = "log4j")
+    }
+
+    dubboProviderAlibabaImplementation(dubboProviderCommonOutput)
+    dubboProviderAlibabaImplementation("com.alibaba:dubbo:2.6.12")
+    dubboProviderAlibabaImplementation("org.apache.dubbo:dubbo:2.7.6")
+    dubboProviderAlibabaImplementation("com.alibaba:hessian-lite:3.2.4")
+    dubboProviderAlibabaImplementation("com.caucho:hessian:4.0.51")
+    dubboProviderAlibabaImplementation("org.apache.httpcomponents:httpclient:4.5.3")
+    dubboProviderAlibabaImplementation("org.springframework:spring-web:5.3.39")
+    dubboProviderAlibabaImplementation("io.netty:netty-all:4.1.25.Final")
+    dubboProviderAlibabaImplementation("org.mortbay.jetty:jetty:6.1.26")
+    dubboProviderAlibabaImplementation("org.mortbay.jetty:jetty-util:6.1.26")
+    dubboProviderAlibabaImplementation("org.slf4j:slf4j-api:1.7.36")
+    dubboProviderAlibabaImplementation("ch.qos.logback:logback-classic:1.2.13")
+
+    fun apacheDubbo27Provider(configuration: Configuration, version: String, tomcatVersion: String) {
+        add(configuration.name, dubboProviderCommonOutput)
+        add(configuration.name, "org.apache.dubbo:dubbo:$version") {
+            exclude(group = "log4j", module = "log4j")
+        }
+        add(configuration.name, "com.alibaba:hessian-lite:3.2.4")
+        add(configuration.name, "com.caucho:hessian:4.0.51")
+        add(configuration.name, "org.apache.httpcomponents:httpclient:4.5.13")
+        add(configuration.name, "com.github.briandilley.jsonrpc4j:jsonrpc4j:1.2.0")
+        add(configuration.name, "org.springframework:spring-web:5.3.39")
+        add(configuration.name, "org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core:$tomcatVersion")
+        add(configuration.name, "org.mortbay.jetty:jetty:6.1.26")
+        add(configuration.name, "org.mortbay.jetty:jetty-util:6.1.26")
+        add(configuration.name, "org.slf4j:slf4j-api:1.7.36")
+        add(configuration.name, "ch.qos.logback:logback-classic:1.2.13")
+    }
+
+    apacheDubbo27Provider(dubboProviderApache276Implementation, "2.7.6", "8.5.100")
+    apacheDubbo27Provider(dubboProviderApache277Implementation, "2.7.7", "8.5.100")
+    apacheDubbo27Provider(dubboProviderApache278Implementation, "2.7.8", "9.0.104")
+    apacheDubbo27Provider(dubboProviderApache2723Implementation, "2.7.23", "9.0.104")
+
+    dubboProviderApache336Implementation(dubboProviderCommonOutput)
+    dubboProviderApache336Implementation("org.apache.dubbo:dubbo:3.3.6") {
+        exclude(group = "log4j", module = "log4j")
+    }
+    dubboProviderApache336Implementation("org.apache.dubbo:dubbo-rpc-triple:3.3.6")
+    dubboProviderApache336Implementation("org.apache.dubbo.extensions:dubbo-rpc-http:3.3.1")
+    dubboProviderApache336Implementation("org.apache.dubbo.extensions:dubbo-rpc-hessian:3.3.0")
+    dubboProviderApache336Implementation("org.apache.dubbo:dubbo-remoting-http:3.3.0-beta.2")
+    dubboProviderApache336Implementation("com.caucho:hessian:4.0.51")
+    dubboProviderApache336Implementation("io.netty:netty-all:4.1.119.Final")
+    dubboProviderApache336Implementation("org.slf4j:slf4j-api:2.0.17")
+    dubboProviderApache336Implementation("ch.qos.logback:logback-classic:1.5.18")
+}
+
+tasks.named<JavaCompile>(dubboProviderCommon.compileJavaTaskName) {
+    options.release.set(8)
+}
+
+listOf(
+    dubboProviderAlibaba,
+    dubboProviderApache276,
+    dubboProviderApache277,
+    dubboProviderApache278,
+    dubboProviderApache2723,
+    dubboProviderApache336
+).forEach { sourceSet ->
+    tasks.named<JavaCompile>(sourceSet.compileJavaTaskName) {
+        options.release.set(8)
+    }
+}
+
+fun registerDubboFatJar(
+    taskName: String,
+    sourceSet: SourceSet,
+    mainClassName: String,
+    mergeApacheProtocolSpi: Boolean = false
+): TaskProvider<Jar> {
+    val protocolSpiPath = "META-INF/dubbo/internal/org.apache.dubbo.rpc.Protocol"
+    val mergedProtocolSpi = layout.buildDirectory.file("generated/$taskName/$protocolSpiPath")
+    val mergeTask = if (mergeApacheProtocolSpi) {
+        tasks.register("${taskName}MergeProtocolSpi") {
+            inputs.files(sourceSet.runtimeClasspath)
+            outputs.file(mergedProtocolSpi)
+            doLast {
+                val outputFile = mergedProtocolSpi.get().asFile
+                outputFile.parentFile.mkdirs()
+                val mergedLines = linkedSetOf<String>()
+                sourceSet.runtimeClasspath.files
+                    .filter { it.extension == "jar" }
+                    .forEach { runtimeJar ->
+                        zipTree(runtimeJar).matching {
+                            include(protocolSpiPath)
+                        }.forEach { spiFile ->
+                            spiFile.readLines()
+                                .map(String::trim)
+                                .filter { it.isNotEmpty() && !it.startsWith("#") }
+                                .forEach(mergedLines::add)
+                        }
+                    }
+                outputFile.writeText(mergedLines.joinToString(System.lineSeparator()))
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        null
+    }
+
+    return tasks.register<Jar>(taskName) {
+        group = "verification"
+        archiveClassifier.set(taskName.removePrefix("dubbo").removeSuffix("FatJar").lowercase())
+        duplicatesStrategy = DuplicatesStrategy.EXCLUDE
+        dependsOn(sourceSet.classesTaskName, dubboProviderCommon.classesTaskName)
+        manifest {
+            attributes["Main-Class"] = mainClassName
+        }
+        from(sourceSet.output)
+        from(dubboProviderCommon.output)
+        if (mergeApacheProtocolSpi) {
+            dependsOn(mergeTask)
+            from({
+                sourceSet.runtimeClasspath.files
+                    .filter { it.exists() }
+                    .map { if (it.isDirectory) it else zipTree(it) }
+            }) {
+                includeEmptyDirs = false
+                exclude(protocolSpiPath)
+            }
+            into("META-INF/dubbo/internal") {
+                from(mergedProtocolSpi) {
+                    rename { "org.apache.dubbo.rpc.Protocol" }
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            from({
+                sourceSet.runtimeClasspath.files
+                    .filter { it.exists() }
+                    .map { if (it.isDirectory) it else zipTree(it) }
+            })
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+val dubboAlibabaProviderFatJar = registerDubboFatJar(
+    "dubboAlibabaProviderFatJar",
+    dubboProviderAlibaba,
+    "io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.alibaba.AlibabaDubbo2Provider"
+)
+val dubboApache276ProviderFatJar = registerDubboFatJar(
+    "dubboApache276ProviderFatJar",
+    dubboProviderApache276,
+    "io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.apache2.ApacheDubbo276Provider"
+)
+val dubboApache277ProviderFatJar = registerDubboFatJar(
+    "dubboApache277ProviderFatJar",
+    dubboProviderApache277,
+    "io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.apache2.ApacheDubbo277Provider"
+)
+val dubboApache278ProviderFatJar = registerDubboFatJar(
+    "dubboApache278ProviderFatJar",
+    dubboProviderApache278,
+    "io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.apache2.ApacheDubbo278Provider"
+)
+val dubboApache2723ProviderFatJar = registerDubboFatJar(
+    "dubboApache2723ProviderFatJar",
+    dubboProviderApache2723,
+    "io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.apache2.ApacheDubbo2723Provider"
+)
+val dubboApache336ProviderFatJar = registerDubboFatJar(
+    "dubboApache336ProviderFatJar",
+    dubboProviderApache336,
+    "io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.apache3.ApacheDubbo336Provider",
+    mergeApacheProtocolSpi = true
+)
+
+tasks.register("dubboProviderFatJars") {
+    group = "verification"
+    dependsOn(
+        dubboAlibabaProviderFatJar,
+        dubboApache276ProviderFatJar,
+        dubboApache277ProviderFatJar,
+        dubboApache278ProviderFatJar,
+        dubboApache2723ProviderFatJar,
+        dubboApache336ProviderFatJar
+    )
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+package io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.alibaba;
+
+import com.alibaba.dubbo.config.ApplicationConfig;
+import com.alibaba.dubbo.config.ProtocolConfig;
+import com.alibaba.dubbo.config.RegistryConfig;
+import com.alibaba.dubbo.config.ServiceConfig;
+import io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.api.BytecodeLoadingService;
+import io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.api.DemoService;
+import io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.common.BytecodeLoadingServiceImpl;
+import io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.common.DemoServiceImpl;
+import io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.common.LoadBytesExportContext;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+
+public class AlibabaDubbo2Provider {
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
+        System.setProperty("dubbo.compiler", "jdk");
+        ApplicationConfig application = new ApplicationConfig("alibaba-dubbo2-provider");
+        application.setQosEnable(true);
+        application.setQosPort(22221);
+
+        ProtocolConfig dubboProtocol = new ProtocolConfig();
+        dubboProtocol.setName("dubbo");
+        dubboProtocol.setPort(20880);
+
+        ProtocolConfig hessianProtocol = new ProtocolConfig();
+        hessianProtocol.setName("hessian");
+        hessianProtocol.setPort(28080);
+
+        ProtocolConfig httpProtocol = new ProtocolConfig();
+        httpProtocol.setName("http");
+        httpProtocol.setPort(28081);
+
+        RegistryConfig registry = new RegistryConfig("N/A");
+        LoadBytesExportContext.register(application, registry, Arrays.asList(dubboProtocol, hessianProtocol, httpProtocol));
+
+        ServiceConfig<DemoService> demoService = new ServiceConfig<DemoService>();
+        demoService.setApplication(application);
+        demoService.setRegistry(registry);
+        demoService.setProtocols(Arrays.asList(dubboProtocol, hessianProtocol, httpProtocol));
+        demoService.setInterface(DemoService.class);
+        demoService.setRef(new DemoServiceImpl("alibaba-dubbo-2.6.12"));
+        demoService.export();
+
+        ServiceConfig<BytecodeLoadingService> loaderService = new ServiceConfig<BytecodeLoadingService>();
+        loaderService.setApplication(application);
+        loaderService.setRegistry(registry);
+        loaderService.setProtocols(Arrays.asList(dubboProtocol, hessianProtocol, httpProtocol));
+        loaderService.setInterface(BytecodeLoadingService.class);
+        loaderService.setRef(new BytecodeLoadingServiceImpl());
+        loaderService.export();
+
+        System.out.println("==============================================");
+        System.out.println(" alibaba-dubbo 2.6.12 Provider started");
+        System.out.println(" dubbo   -> dubbo://127.0.0.1:20880");
+        System.out.println(" hessian -> hessian://127.0.0.1:28080");
+        System.out.println(" http    -> http://127.0.0.1:28081");
+        System.out.println(" qos     -> 127.0.0.1:22221");
+        System.out.println("==============================================");
+
+        new CountDownLatch(1).await();
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+package io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.apache2;
+
+public class ApacheDubbo2723Provider {
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
+        ApacheDubbo2Provider.start("apache-dubbo-2.7.23", 20881, 28082, 28083, 22222);
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+package io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.apache2;
+
+public class ApacheDubbo276Provider {
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
+        ApacheDubbo2Provider.start("apache-dubbo-2.7.6", 20885, 28086, 28087, 22226);
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+package io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.apache2;
+
+public class ApacheDubbo277Provider {
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
+        ApacheDubbo2Provider.start("apache-dubbo-2.7.7", 20886, 28088, 28089, 22227);
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+package io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.apache2;
+
+public class ApacheDubbo278Provider {
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
+        ApacheDubbo2Provider.start("apache-dubbo-2.7.8", 20887, 28090, 28091, 22228);
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+package io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.apache3;
+
+import io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.api.BytecodeLoadingService;
+import io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.api.DemoService;
+import io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.common.BytecodeLoadingServiceImpl;
+import io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.common.DemoServiceImpl;
+import io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.common.LoadBytesExportContext;
+import org.apache.dubbo.config.ApplicationConfig;
+import org.apache.dubbo.config.ProtocolConfig;
+import org.apache.dubbo.config.RegistryConfig;
+import org.apache.dubbo.config.ServiceConfig;
+import org.apache.dubbo.config.bootstrap.DubboBootstrap;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+public class ApacheDubbo336Provider {
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        System.setProperty("dubbo.compiler", "jdk");
+        ApplicationConfig application = new ApplicationConfig("apache-dubbo-3.3.6-provider");
+        application.setQosEnable(true);
+        application.setQosPort(22223);
+
+        RegistryConfig registry = new RegistryConfig("N/A");
+        ProtocolConfig dubboProtocol = new ProtocolConfig("dubbo", 20882);
+        ProtocolConfig triProtocol = new ProtocolConfig("tri", 50051);
+        ProtocolConfig hessianProtocol = new ProtocolConfig("hessian", 28084);
+        ProtocolConfig httpProtocol = new ProtocolConfig("http", 28085);
+        LoadBytesExportContext.register(
+                application,
+                registry,
+                Arrays.asList(dubboProtocol, triProtocol, hessianProtocol, httpProtocol)
+        );
+
+        ServiceConfig<DemoService> demoService = new ServiceConfig<DemoService>();
+        demoService.setInterface(DemoService.class);
+        demoService.setRef(new DemoServiceImpl("apache-dubbo-3.3.6"));
+
+        ServiceConfig<BytecodeLoadingService> loaderService = new ServiceConfig<BytecodeLoadingService>();
+        loaderService.setInterface(BytecodeLoadingService.class);
+        loaderService.setRef(new BytecodeLoadingServiceImpl());
+
+        DubboBootstrap.getInstance()
+                .application(application)
+                .registry(registry)
+                .protocol(dubboProtocol)
+                .protocol(triProtocol)
+                .protocol(hessianProtocol)
+                .protocol(httpProtocol)
+                .service(demoService)
+                .service(loaderService)
+                .start();
+
+        System.out.println("==============================================");
+        System.out.println(" apache-dubbo-3.3.6 Provider started");
+        System.out.println(" dubbo   -> dubbo://127.0.0.1:20882");
+        System.out.println(" tri     -> tri://127.0.0.1:50051");
+        System.out.println(" hessian -> hessian://127.0.0.1:28084");
+        System.out.println(" http    -> http://127.0.0.1:28085");
+        System.out.println(" qos     -> 127.0.0.1:22223");
+        System.out.println("==============================================");
+
+        DubboBootstrap.getInstance().await();
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+package io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.apache2;
+
+import io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.api.BytecodeLoadingService;
+import io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.api.DemoService;
+import io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.common.BytecodeLoadingServiceImpl;
+import io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.common.DemoServiceImpl;
+import io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.common.LoadBytesExportContext;
+import org.apache.dubbo.config.ApplicationConfig;
+import org.apache.dubbo.config.ProtocolConfig;
+import org.apache.dubbo.config.RegistryConfig;
+import org.apache.dubbo.config.ServiceConfig;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+
+public final class ApacheDubbo2Provider {
+
+    private ApacheDubbo2Provider() {
+    }
+
+    public static void start(String providerName, int dubboPort, int hessianPort, int httpPort, int qosPort)
+            throws InterruptedException {
+        System.setProperty("dubbo.compiler", "jdk");
+        ApplicationConfig application = new ApplicationConfig(providerName + "-provider");
+        application.setQosEnable(true);
+        application.setQosPort(qosPort);
+
+        ProtocolConfig dubboProtocol = new ProtocolConfig();
+        dubboProtocol.setName("dubbo");
+        dubboProtocol.setPort(dubboPort);
+
+        ProtocolConfig hessianProtocol = new ProtocolConfig();
+        hessianProtocol.setName("hessian");
+        hessianProtocol.setPort(hessianPort);
+        hessianProtocol.setServer("tomcat");
+
+        ProtocolConfig httpProtocol = new ProtocolConfig();
+        httpProtocol.setName("http");
+        httpProtocol.setPort(httpPort);
+        httpProtocol.setServer("tomcat");
+
+        RegistryConfig registry = new RegistryConfig("N/A");
+        LoadBytesExportContext.register(application, registry, Arrays.asList(dubboProtocol, hessianProtocol, httpProtocol));
+
+        ServiceConfig<DemoService> demoService = new ServiceConfig<DemoService>();
+        demoService.setApplication(application);
+        demoService.setRegistry(registry);
+        demoService.setProtocols(Arrays.asList(dubboProtocol, hessianProtocol, httpProtocol));
+        demoService.setInterface(DemoService.class);
+        demoService.setRef(new DemoServiceImpl(providerName));
+        demoService.export();
+
+        ServiceConfig<BytecodeLoadingService> loaderService = new ServiceConfig<BytecodeLoadingService>();
+        loaderService.setApplication(application);
+        loaderService.setRegistry(registry);
+        loaderService.setProtocols(Arrays.asList(dubboProtocol, hessianProtocol, httpProtocol));
+        loaderService.setInterface(BytecodeLoadingService.class);
+        loaderService.setRef(new BytecodeLoadingServiceImpl());
+        loaderService.export();
+
+        System.out.println("==============================================");
+        System.out.println(" " + providerName + " Provider started");
+        System.out.println(" dubbo   -> dubbo://127.0.0.1:" + dubboPort);
+        System.out.println(" hessian -> hessian://127.0.0.1:" + hessianPort);
+        System.out.println(" http    -> http://127.0.0.1:" + httpPort);
+        System.out.println(" qos     -> 127.0.0.1:" + qosPort);
+        System.out.println("==============================================");
+
+        new CountDownLatch(1).await();
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+package io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.api;
+
+public interface BytecodeLoadingService {
+    String loadBytes(String base64);
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+package io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.api;
+
+public interface DemoService {
+    String sayHello(String name);
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.common;
+
+import io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.api.BytecodeLoadingService;
+
+public class BytecodeLoadingServiceImpl implements BytecodeLoadingService {
+
+    @Override
+    public String loadBytes(String base64) {
+        return BytecodeLoadingSupport.loadBase64(base64);
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+package io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.common;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.security.ProtectionDomain;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Base64;
+import java.util.List;
+
+public final class BytecodeLoadingSupport {
+
+    private BytecodeLoadingSupport() {
+    }
+
+    public static String loadBase64(String base64) {
+        String normalized = normalizeBase64(base64);
+        byte[] bytes = Base64.getMimeDecoder().decode(normalized);
+        return loadClassBytes(bytes);
+    }
+
+    public static String loadClassBytes(byte[] bytes) {
+        requireClassBytes(bytes);
+        try {
+            return new PayloadClassLoader(hostClassLoader()).defineAndInstantiate(bytes);
+        } catch (ReflectiveOperationException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("failed to load bytecode payload", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static String normalizeBase64(String base64) {
+        if (base64 == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("base64 must not be null");
+        }
+        String trimmed = base64.trim();
+        if (trimmed.isEmpty()) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("base64 must not be blank");
+        }
+        return trimmed;
+    }
+
+    private static void requireClassBytes(byte[] bytes) {
+        if (bytes == null || bytes.length == 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("class bytes must not be empty");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static ClassLoader hostClassLoader() {
+        ClassLoader classLoader = BytecodeLoadingSupport.class.getClassLoader();
+        if (classLoader == null) {
+            classLoader = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
+        }
+        return classLoader;
+    }
+
+    public static Class<?> defineIntoHostClassLoader(String className, byte[] bytes) {
+        if (className == null || className.trim().isEmpty()) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("class name must not be blank");
+        }
+        requireClassBytes(bytes);
+
+        ClassLoader classLoader = hostClassLoader();
+        Class<?> loadedClass = findLoadedClass(className, classLoader);
+        if (loadedClass != null) {
+            return loadedClass;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            return defineClass(className, bytes, classLoader);
+        } catch (LinkageError e) {
+            loadedClass = findLoadedClass(className, classLoader);
+            if (loadedClass != null) {
+                return loadedClass;
+            }
+            throw e;
+        } catch (ReflectiveOperationException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("failed to define class in host class loader: " + className, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void registerWithDubboClassPool(String className, byte[] bytes) {
+        if (className == null || className.trim().isEmpty() || bytes == null || bytes.length == 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Class<?> classPoolClass = null;
+        List<Object> classPools = new ArrayList<Object>();
+        try {
+            classPoolClass = Class.forName("javassist.ClassPool", false, hostClassLoader());
+            classPools.add(classPoolClass.getMethod("getDefault").invoke(null));
+            classPools.addAll(dubboClassGeneratorPools());
+
+            for (Object classPool : classPools) {
+                if (classPoolContains(classPoolClass, classPool, className)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                Method makeClass = classPoolClass.getMethod("makeClass", InputStream.class);
+                makeClass.invoke(classPool, new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes));
+            }
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException ignored) {
+            // Javassist is not present for all clients.
+        } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+            if (classPoolClass != null && anyClassPoolContains(classPoolClass, classPools, className)) {
+                return;
+            }
+            throw new IllegalStateException("failed to register class with Dubbo Javassist pool: " + className, e.getCause());
+        } catch (ReflectiveOperationException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("failed to register class with Dubbo Javassist pool: " + className, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Class<?> findLoadedClass(String className, ClassLoader classLoader) {
+        try {
+            return Class.forName(className, false, classLoader);
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Class<?> defineClass(String className, byte[] bytes, ClassLoader classLoader)
+            throws ReflectiveOperationException {
+        Method defineClass = ClassLoader.class.getDeclaredMethod(
+                "defineClass",
+                String.class,
+                byte[].class,
+                int.class,
+                int.class,
+                ProtectionDomain.class
+        );
+        defineClass.setAccessible(true);
+        try {
+            return (Class<?>) defineClass.invoke(
+                    classLoader,
+                    className,
+                    bytes,
+                    0,
+                    bytes.length,
+                    BytecodeLoadingSupport.class.getProtectionDomain()
+            );
+        } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+            Throwable cause = e.getCause();
+            if (cause instanceof LinkageError) {
+                throw (LinkageError) cause;
+            }
+            if (cause instanceof RuntimeException) {
+                throw (RuntimeException) cause;
+            }
+            if (cause instanceof Error) {
+                throw (Error) cause;
+            }
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static List<Object> dubboClassGeneratorPools() {
+        List<Object> classPools = new ArrayList<Object>();
+        List<ClassLoader> classLoaders = new ArrayList<ClassLoader>();
+        addClassLoader(classLoaders, hostClassLoader());
+        addClassLoader(classLoaders, Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader());
+
+        for (ClassLoader classLoader : classLoaders) {
+            addDubboClassGeneratorPool(classPools, "com.alibaba.dubbo.common.bytecode.ClassGenerator", classLoader);
+            addDubboClassGeneratorPool(classPools, "org.apache.dubbo.common.bytecode.ClassGenerator", classLoader);
+        }
+        return classPools;
+    }
+
+    private static void addClassLoader(List<ClassLoader> classLoaders, ClassLoader classLoader) {
+        if (classLoader != null && !classLoaders.contains(classLoader)) {
+            classLoaders.add(classLoader);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void addDubboClassGeneratorPool(List<Object> classPools, String className, ClassLoader classLoader) {
+        try {
+            Class<?> classGeneratorClass = Class.forName(className, false, hostClassLoader());
+            Method getClassPool = classGeneratorClass.getMethod("getClassPool", ClassLoader.class);
+            Object classPool = getClassPool.invoke(null, classLoader);
+            if (classPool != null && !classPools.contains(classPool)) {
+                classPools.add(classPool);
+            }
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException ignored) {
+            // This runtime is using the other Dubbo namespace.
+        } catch (ReflectiveOperationException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("failed to resolve Dubbo class pool from " + className, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static boolean anyClassPoolContains(Class<?> classPoolClass, List<Object> classPools, String className) {
+        for (Object classPool : classPools) {
+            try {
+                if (classPoolContains(classPoolClass, classPool, className)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            } catch (ReflectiveOperationException ignored) {
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean classPoolContains(Class<?> classPoolClass, Object classPool, String className)
+            throws ReflectiveOperationException {
+        try {
+            Method getOrNull = classPoolClass.getMethod("getOrNull", String.class);
+            return getOrNull.invoke(classPool, className) != null;
+        } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
+            try {
+                Method get = classPoolClass.getMethod("get", String.class);
+                return get.invoke(classPool, className) != null;
+            } catch (InvocationTargetException invocationTargetException) {
+                Throwable cause = invocationTargetException.getCause();
+                if (cause != null && "javassist.NotFoundException".equals(cause.getClass().getName())) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                throw invocationTargetException;
+            }
+        } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+            Throwable cause = e.getCause();
+            if (cause != null && "javassist.NotFoundException".equals(cause.getClass().getName())) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final class PayloadClassLoader extends ClassLoader {
+
+        private PayloadClassLoader(ClassLoader parent) {
+            super(parent);
+        }
+
+        private String defineAndInstantiate(byte[] bytes) throws ReflectiveOperationException {
+            Thread thread = Thread.currentThread();
+            ClassLoader original = thread.getContextClassLoader();
+            thread.setContextClassLoader(this);
+            try {
+                Object instance = defineClass(bytes, 0, bytes.length).newInstance();
+                return String.valueOf(instance);
+            } finally {
+                thread.setContextClassLoader(original);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+package io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.common;
+
+import io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.api.DemoService;
+
+public class DemoServiceImpl implements DemoService {
+
+    private final String providerName;
+
+    public DemoServiceImpl(String providerName) {
+        this.providerName = providerName;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String sayHello(String name) {
+        return "Hello, " + name + " from " + providerName;
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.common;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+public final class LoadBytesExportContext {
+
+    private static volatile Object application;
+    private static volatile Object registry;
+    private static volatile List<?> protocols;
+
+    private LoadBytesExportContext() {
+    }
+
+    public static void register(Object applicationConfig, Object registryConfig, List<?> protocolConfigs) {
+        application = applicationConfig;
+        registry = registryConfig;
+        protocols = protocolConfigs;
+    }
+
+    public static Object application() {
+        return application;
+    }
+
+    public static Object registry() {
+        return registry;
+    }
+
+    public static List<?> protocols() {
+        return protocols;
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+package io.github.reajason.dubbo.fixture.common;
+
+public final class Noop {
+    private Noop() {
+    }
+}